Historical Constants

Historical constants are composite values concealing the finer structure of natural units and operators. The elementary form of the constants shows how natural quantities of length, mass, and time play a central role in determining the quantities of physical phenomena.

The New Foundation Model replaces historical constants with natural units of length, mass, and time–and in some cases, with proportionality operators like the rest mass and charge operators. The historical constants are naturally absorbed into this framework and explained in terms of a simple and comprehensive model.

The following constants are stated in elementary and simple forms.

Gravitational constant

6.67 x 10-11 m3kg-1s-2

elementary


simple


reduced Planck constant

1.054 571 818 x 10-34 kgm2s-1

elementary


simple


Speed of light

299,792,458 ms-1

elementary


simple


Fine-structure constant

0.007 297 352 569 3 dimensionless

elementary


Rydberg constant

10,973,731.568 16 m-1

elementary


Einstein gravitational constant

2.076 647 x 10-43 s2m-1kg-1

elementary


simple


Planck charge

5.391 247 x 10-44 s

elementary


Elementary charge

4.605 448 x 10-45 s

elementary


Electric constant

7.315 968 x 10-63 s4kgm-3

elementary


simple


Magnetic constant

1.520 851 x 10-45 kgms-2

elementary


simple


Coulomb constant

1.087 723 x 1061 kgm3s-4

elementary


simple


Vacuum impedance

4.559 397 x 1053 kgm2s-3

elementary


simple


Planck voltage

3.628 253 x 1052 kgm2s-3

elementary


simple


Planck current

1 dimensionless

elementary


Planck conductance

2.756 147 x 10-53 s3kg-1m-2

elementary


simple


Planck impedance

3.628 253 x 1052 kgm2s-3

elementary


simple


Planck inductance

1.956 081 x 109 kgm2s-2

elementary


simple


Planck magnetic inductance

7.488 021 x 1078 kgs-2

elementary


Planck conductance

1.087 723 x 1061 kgm3s-4

elementary


simple


Planck capacitance

1.485 907 x 10-96 s4kg-1m-2

elementary


simple


von Klitzing constant

3.124 008 x 1055 kgm2s-3

elementary


simple


Josephson constant

1.390 100 x 10-11 s2kg-1m-2

elementary


simple


Magnetic flux constant

7.193 730 x 1010 kgm2s-2

elementary


simple


Conductance quantum

6.402 033 x 10-56 s3kg-1m-2

elementary


simple


Bohr magneton

2.665 808 x 10-49 m2

elementary